Moving along through the in-depth Java Exception Handling series we've been going through, we next arrive at the MalformedURLException. A MalformedURLException is thrown when the built-in URL class encounters an invalid URL; specifically, when the protocol that is provided is missing or invalid.
In today's article we'll examine the MalformedURLException in more detail by looking at where it resides in the overall Java Exception Hierarchy. We'll also take a look at some fully functional code samples that illustrate how a basic HTTP connection might be established using the URL class, and how passing improper URL values to it can result in MalformedURLExceptions, so let's get started!
The Technical Rundown
All Java errors implement the java.lang.Throwable interface, or are extended from another inherited class therein. The full exception hierarchy of this error is:
java.lang.Objectjava.lang.Throwablejava.lang.Exceptionjava.io.IOExceptionjava.net.MalformedURLException
Full Code Sample
Below is the full code sample we'll be using in this article. It can be copied and pasted if you'd like to play with the code yourself and see how everything works.
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.Logging;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Logging.lineSeparator("https://airbrake.io");
HttpResponse httpResponse = HttpResponse.create("https://airbrake.io");
Logging.log(httpResponse.getResponse());Logging.lineSeparator("htps://airbrake.io");
HttpResponse httpResponse2 = HttpResponse.create("htps://airbrake.io");
Logging.log(httpResponse2.getResponse());Logging.lineSeparator("https://airbrakeio");
HttpResponse httpResponse3 = HttpResponse.create("https://airbrakeio");
Logging.log(httpResponse3.getResponse());
Logging.lineSeparator("https://airbrake,io");
HttpResponse httpResponse4 = HttpResponse.create("https://airbrake,io");
Logging.log(httpResponse4.getResponse());
}
}
package io.airbrake;
/**
* HTTP methods to be passed to connection classes/methods.
*/
public enum HttpMethod {
DELETE,
GET,
HEAD,
OPTIONS,
PATCH,
POST,
PUT,
TRACE
}
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.Logging;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;/**
* Used to create simple HttpsURLConnections and retrieve the remote response.
* Factory-based .create() method must be used to instantiate, in order to prevent race conditions.
*/
public class HttpResponse {
/**
* Maximum allowed length of response property string.
*/
private final static int MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH = 200;/**
* Browser agent to use.
*/
private String agent = "Chrome/41.0.2228.0";/**
* HTTP Method to use.
*/
private HttpMethod httpMethod = HttpMethod.GET;/**
* Houses the response value, if applicable.
*/
private String response = null;/**
* URL to connect to.
*/
private String url = "https://airbrake.io";/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse() { }/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse(HttpMethod httpMethod) {
this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
}/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse(String url) {
this.url = url;
}/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse(String url, HttpMethod httpMethod) {
this.url = url;
this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
}/**
* Initializes actual connection based on assigned properties, and retrieves response code and response value.
*/
private void initialize() {
try {
// Create URL from url property.
URL url = new URL(this.url);// Open a connection to url.
Logging.log(String.format("Establishing connection to %s", this.url));
HttpsURLConnection httpsURLConnection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();// Set the request method to property value.
Logging.log(String.format("Setting request method to %s", this.httpMethod));
httpsURLConnection.setRequestMethod(this.httpMethod.toString());// Set User-Agent to property value.
Logging.log(String.format("Setting User-Agent to %s", this.agent));
httpsURLConnection.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", this.agent);// Retrieve response code.
int responseCode = httpsURLConnection.getResponseCode();
Logging.log(String.format("Response code %d.", responseCode));// If OK/200 response code, proceed.
if (responseCode == 200) {// Pass input stream of connection to reader.
Logging.log("Retrieving response.");
BufferedReader responseReader = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(httpsURLConnection.getInputStream())
);int lineCount = 0;
String responseLine;
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();// Append each line of response to builder and increment line count.
while ((responseLine = responseReader.readLine()) != null) {
lineCount++;
stringBuilder.append(responseLine).append("\n");
}// Close reader.
responseReader.close();// Output line count.
Logging.log(String.format("Response contained %d lines.", lineCount));// Assign response property.
this.response = stringBuilder.toString();
}
} catch (MalformedURLException error) {
// Output expected MalformedURLExceptions.
Logging.log(error);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
}/**
* Factory method that returns instance of HttpResponse, after initializing, based on passed parameters.
*
* @return HttpResponse HttpResponse instance.
*/
static HttpResponse create() {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse();
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}static HttpResponse create(HttpMethod httpMethod) {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse(httpMethod);
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}static HttpResponse create(String url) {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse(url);
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}static HttpResponse create(String url, HttpMethod httpMethod) {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse(url, httpMethod);
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}
/**
* Get response property value.
* Value is truncated if it exceeds MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH.
*
* @return String/null Response property value.
*/
String getResponse() {
// Ensure response isn't null.
if (this.response == null) return null;
// If response length exceeds maximum, return maximum truncation plus ellipses.
if (this.response.length() > MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH) {
return String.format("%s\n...", this.response.substring(0, MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH));
} else {
return this.response;
}
}
}
This code sample also uses the Logging utility class, the source of which can be found here on GitHub.
When Should You Use It?
As the official documentation states, a MalformedURLException is thrown either when "no legal protocol could be found in a specification string," or when "the string could not be parsed." In practice, modern Java versions have particularly robust string parsing capabilities, so the vast majority of MalformedURLException occurrences will be due to the former problem: an invalid or unrecognized protocol. The parlance used in Java (and elsewhere) for terms like protocol can be a little confusing, so we'll briefly refresh ourselves on what this means in the realm of URLs.
To begin with, the broader term for identifiers of network resources is "Unified Resource Identifier", or URI as it's more commonly known. A URI is merely a string of characters that identify a resource over a network. Uniformed Resource Locators, or URLs, are a type of URI. A URL is unique in that it typically includes multiple forms of information about accessing the resource, including the protocol, the domain, and the resource to be requested. For example, in the URL https://airbrake.io/blog/ the specified protocol is https, the domain is airbrake.io, and the resource is /blog/.
It's worth noting that the protocol section is often referred to as the scheme in the parent URI object type, because a URI can contain many different types of schemes to indicate how the resource should be accessed. For example, a scheme of https is common for URLs, but a scheme value of file might be used to access a local file resource. Moreover, many custom URI schemes exist, which allow applications to perform special actions and open resources on behalf of other applications. For example, the popular Steam online gaming platform will recognize and open URIs with a scheme of steam, as shown in the developer documentation.
All that said, since the MalformedURLException in Java is typically thrown via the URL class, it stands to reason that the URL class refers to the scheme portion of the URL as the protocol. To illustrate this in action we begin with a simple HttpMethod enumeration:
package io.airbrake;
/**
* HTTP methods to be passed to connection classes/methods.
*/
public enum HttpMethod {
DELETE,
GET,
HEAD,
OPTIONS,
PATCH,
POST,
PUT,
TRACE
}
This will come in handy in a moment, when we need an easy way to specify the HTTP method we'll be using for our connection. Speaking of which, we've also created a custom HttpResponse class to help simplify the creation and connection process, in order to ultimately retrieve a response from a particular URL that we wish to connect to:
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.Logging;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.net.MalformedURLException;
import java.net.URL;/**
* Used to create simple HttpsURLConnections and retrieve the remote response.
* Factory-based .create() method must be used to instantiate, in order to prevent race conditions.
*/
public class HttpResponse {
/**
* Maximum allowed length of response property string.
*/
private final static int MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH = 200;/**
* Browser agent to use.
*/
private String agent = "Chrome/41.0.2228.0";/**
* HTTP Method to use.
*/
private HttpMethod httpMethod = HttpMethod.GET;/**
* Houses the response value, if applicable.
*/
private String response = null;/**
* URL to connect to.
*/
private String url = "https://airbrake.io";/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse() { }/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse(HttpMethod httpMethod) {
this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
}/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse(String url) {
this.url = url;
}/**
* Constructor method. Is private so instantiation must pass through corresponding .create() factory method.
*/
private HttpResponse(String url, HttpMethod httpMethod) {
this.url = url;
this.httpMethod = httpMethod;
}/**
* Initializes actual connection based on assigned properties, and retrieves response code and response value.
*/
private void initialize() {
try {
// Create URL from url property.
URL url = new URL(this.url);// Open a connection to url.
Logging.log(String.format("Establishing connection to %s", this.url));
HttpsURLConnection httpsURLConnection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();// Set the request method to property value.
Logging.log(String.format("Setting request method to %s", this.httpMethod));
httpsURLConnection.setRequestMethod(this.httpMethod.toString());// Set User-Agent to property value.
Logging.log(String.format("Setting User-Agent to %s", this.agent));
httpsURLConnection.setRequestProperty("User-Agent", this.agent);// Retrieve response code.
int responseCode = httpsURLConnection.getResponseCode();
Logging.log(String.format("Response code %d.", responseCode));// If OK/200 response code, proceed.
if (responseCode == 200) {// Pass input stream of connection to reader.
Logging.log("Retrieving response.");
BufferedReader responseReader = new BufferedReader(
new InputStreamReader(httpsURLConnection.getInputStream())
);int lineCount = 0;
String responseLine;
StringBuilder stringBuilder = new StringBuilder();// Append each line of response to builder and increment line count.
while ((responseLine = responseReader.readLine()) != null) {
lineCount++;
stringBuilder.append(responseLine).append("\n");
}// Close reader.
responseReader.close();// Output line count.
Logging.log(String.format("Response contained %d lines.", lineCount));// Assign response property.
this.response = stringBuilder.toString();
}
} catch (MalformedURLException error) {
// Output expected MalformedURLExceptions.
Logging.log(error);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
}/**
* Factory method that returns instance of HttpResponse, after initializing, based on passed parameters.
*
* @return HttpResponse HttpResponse instance.
*/
static HttpResponse create() {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse();
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}static HttpResponse create(HttpMethod httpMethod) {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse(httpMethod);
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}static HttpResponse create(String url) {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse(url);
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}static HttpResponse create(String url, HttpMethod httpMethod) {
HttpResponse httpResponse = new HttpResponse(url, httpMethod);
httpResponse.initialize();
return httpResponse;
}
/**
* Get response property value.
* Value is truncated if it exceeds MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH.
*
* @return String/null Response property value.
*/
String getResponse() {
// Ensure response isn't null.
if (this.response == null) return null;
// If response length exceeds maximum, return maximum truncation plus ellipses.
if (this.response.length() > MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH) {
return String.format("%s\n...", this.response.substring(0, MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH));
} else {
return this.response;
}
}
}
I've opted to use a Factory Design Pattern, which we explored in our Creational Design Patterns: Factory Method article, which allows us to execute a sub-method after instantiating a new HttpResponse object. Specifically, we want to execute the initialize() method after the constructor completes, but we also need a way to avoid race conditions, which is where we might get unexpected results if our code is performing multiple connections simultaneously, and where our code could behave differently depending on the order of execution. By avoiding race conditions via the factory method pattern, we ensure that execution always occurs in the order we require.
Thus, client code wishing to create a new HttpResponse instance can only access the create() method overloads, which creates a new HttpResponse instance via the private constructor, then invokes the initialize() method, before finally returning the generated HttpResponse object. The initialize() method is where we perform the actual connection attempt and retrieve the response, so we start by creating a new URL instance from the url property, then open an HTTPS connection to that url. We then set the request method using the string-converted httpMethod property, which is where the HttpMethod enum comes into play. Next, we retrieve the response code and, if it's valid (200) we process the response by appending each line to an output and assigning the response to the response property.
As a result, client code that invokes the create() method can then immediately call the getResponse() method, which retrieves the formatted (or null) response property value of the HttpResponse instance:
/**
* Get response property value.
* Value is truncated if it exceeds MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH.
*
* @return String/null Response property value.
*/
String getResponse() {
// Ensure response isn't null.
if (this.response == null) return null;
// If response length exceeds maximum, return maximum truncation plus ellipses.
if (this.response.length() > MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH) {
return String.format("%s\n...", this.response.substring(0, MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH));
} else {
return this.response;
}
}
To test this out we'll create a handful of HttpResponse instances, passing slightly different URL string arguments each time:
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.Logging;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Logging.lineSeparator("https://airbrake.io");
HttpResponse httpResponse = HttpResponse.create("https://airbrake.io");
Logging.log(httpResponse.getResponse());Logging.lineSeparator("htps://airbrake.io");
HttpResponse httpResponse2 = HttpResponse.create("htps://airbrake.io");
Logging.log(httpResponse2.getResponse());Logging.lineSeparator("https://airbrakeio");
HttpResponse httpResponse3 = HttpResponse.create("https://airbrakeio");
Logging.log(httpResponse3.getResponse());
Logging.lineSeparator("https://airbrake,io");
HttpResponse httpResponse4 = HttpResponse.create("https://airbrake,io");
Logging.log(httpResponse4.getResponse());
}
}
The first test produces the following output:
--------- https://airbrake.io ----------
Establishing connection to https://airbrake.io
Setting request method to GET
Setting User-Agent to Chrome/41.0.2228.0
Response code 200.
Retrieving response.
Response contained 484 lines.
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head lang='en'>
<meta name='viewport' content='width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, maximum-scale=1'>
<meta charset='utf-8'>
<title>Error Monitoring and Detection Soft
...
Here we can see that everything appears to be working. We start by establishing a connection to https://airbrake.io, set the request method to GET, set the User-Agent to tha latest Chrome agent string, and get a response code of 200. The full response contains 484 lines, so we truncate that result down to the maximum of 200 characters, as specified in the HttpResponse.MAX_RESPONSE_LENGTH property.
Next, let's try another test to connect to the slightly incorrect htps://airbrake.io URL:
---------- htps://airbrake.io ----------
[EXPECTED] java.net.MalformedURLException: unknown protocol: htps
Immediately we get a MalformedURLException, indicating that the protocol value at the start of our URL is invalid. As previously discussed, URLs are a sub-classification of URIs, so while a URI can have a wide range of standard and custom scheme values, a URL can only have a select handful of accepted protocol values, and htps is not one of them.
Our third test attempts to connect to https://airbrakeio:
---------- https://airbrakeio ----------
Establishing connection to https://airbrakeio
Setting request method to GET
Setting User-Agent to Chrome/41.0.2228.0
[UNEXPECTED] java.net.UnknownHostException: airbrakeio
Here we see everything works and no MalformedURLException is thrown, but we actually get an UnknownHostException instead. This is because, while https://airbrakeio is a perfectly valid form of URL, it isn't a recognized host. The same is true when we try to use an invalid character in our host name (,):
--------- https://airbrake,io ----------
Establishing connection to https://airbrake,io
Setting request method to GET
Setting User-Agent to Chrome/41.0.2228.0
[UNEXPECTED] java.net.UnknownHostException: airbrake,io
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