Today we continue our adventure through the Java Exception Handling series with a close look at the java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError. In most cases, a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError is thrown when a class reference was available during compile time, but has since disappeared (for whatever reason) during execution.
In this article we'll explore the java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError in more detail, looking at where it resides in the Java Exception Hierarchy, along with some simple example code and module distribution practices that might lead to java.lang.NoClassDefFoundErrors being thrown in day-to-day development. Let's get on with the show!
java.lang.Throwable interface, or are extended from another inherited class therein.java.lang.Error inherits from java.lang.Throwable.java.lange.LinkageError inherits from java.lang.Error.java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError inherits from the java.lange.LinkageError class.Understanding what might cause a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError requires an understanding that running a Java application typically hinges on two major steps:
classpath, before it can generate executable code.That's a extremely simplified explanation, but the critical aspect is that Java cannot execute an application without first compiling all the relevant code.
To illustrate, here we've setup a basic project called ClassLoader that contains two independent classes that we'll be using: io.airbrake.Main and io.airbrake.Book, which we're going to include in our compilation and make use of in the code.
Because Java is so dependant on how directory and file structures are built (at least, without using a helper framework like Maven or Gradle), for this example it'll be important to show how our project is configured. Here's our basic file structure, where coded entries are files and plain entries are directories:
Book.javaLogging.javaMain.javaNormally we'd place classes with identical parent namespacing (e.g io.airbrake.Book and io.airbrake.Main) into the same directory, but it's important for this example that we separate them.
Once we've compiled these classes we've created an out/production directory in our main ClassLoader project directory that contains our converted .class files (this won't always be true, as it depends on how you configure/build your own Java applications, but the overall concept is the same for most scenarios). Thus, our compiled output directory structure looks like this:
Book.classLogging.classMain.classMany developers will probably use an IDE like IntelliJ IDEA or Eclipse when working with Java, which will (attempt) to automatically handle the classpath on your behalf, based on how you configure your project within the editor. For example, IntelliJ IDEA allows a developer to easily mark any directory as a "Source Root", which informs the editor that it should add that directory to the classpath list for the current project during compilation and execution.
For this reason, in most cases your development environment will do everything in its power to prevent you from accidentally getting in a situation where a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError could be thrown. However, in some rare scenarios, particularly if you're manually altering the classpath value, sometimes a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError will pop up.
To illustrate this possibility, we'll finally take a look at the basic code we're using in this example:
// Book.java
package io.airbrake;/**
* Simple example class to store book instances.
*/
public class Book
{
public String title;
public String author;/**
* Constructs an empty book.
*/
public Book() { }/**
* Constructs a basic book.
*
* @param title Book title.
* @param author Book author.
*/
public Book(String title, String author) {
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
}
}// Main.java
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.Logging;
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
try {
// Create a new io.airbrake.Book instance.
Book book = new Book("The Stand", "Stephen King");
Logging.log(String.format("Created Book: '%s' written by %s", book.title, book.author));
} catch (NoClassDefFoundError error) {
Logging.log(error);
} catch (Error error) {
Logging.log(error);
}
}
}// Logging.java
package io.airbrake.utility;import java.util.Arrays;
/**
* Houses all logging methods for various debug outputs.
*/
public class Logging {/**
* Outputs any kind of Object.
*
* @param value Object to be output.
*/
public static void log(Object value)
{
System.out.println(value);
}/**
* Outputs passed in Throwable exception or error instance.
* Can be overloaded if expected parameter should be specified.
*
* @param throwable Throwable instance to output.
*/
public static void log(Throwable throwable)
{
// Invoke call with default expected value.
log(throwable, true);
}/**
* Outputs passed in Throwable exception or error instance.
* Includes Throwable class type, message, stack trace, and expectation status.
*
* @param throwable Throwable instance to output.
* @param expected Determines if this Throwable was expected or not.
*/
public static void log(Throwable throwable, boolean expected)
{
System.out.println(String.format("[%s] %s", expected ? "EXPECTED" : "UNEXPECTED", throwable.toString()));
throwable.printStackTrace();
}/**
* Output a dashed line separator of default (40) length.
*/
public static void lineSeparator()
{
// Invoke default length method.
lineSeparator(40);
}/**
* Output a dashed lin separator of desired length.
*
* @param length Length of line to be output.
*/
public static void lineSeparator(int length)
{
// Create new character array of proper length.
char[] characters = new char[length];
// Fill each array element with character.
Arrays.fill(characters, '-');
// Output line of characters.
System.out.println(new String(characters));
}
}
In essence, all we're doing in Main.main() is creating a new Book instance then attempting to output a basic info string to the console. Remember that, in this particular example, the compiled Main.class and Book.class files are located in slightly different output directories, so we'll need to include both locations in our classpath value so things will run smoothly. Here we're issuing the java console command and passing the -classpath parameter with both our ClassLoader and Book subdirectory locations as the two parent directories to be loaded. We're then calling the io.airbrake.Main class, which will automatically run the Main.main() method for us:
$ java -classpath ClassLoader/out/production/ClassLoader:ClassLoader/out/production/Book io.airbrake.Main
Created Book: 'The Stand' written by Stephen King
As we can see, the result is what we expected: a new Book was created and we output some basic information about it.
Now, watch what happens if we remove the reference to where our compiled Book class is located (ClassLoader/out/production/Book) in the -classpath parameter value:
$ java -classpath ClassLoader/out/production/ClassLoader io.airbrake.Main
[EXPECTED] java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: io/airbrake/Book
java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError: io/airbrake/Book
at io.airbrake.Main.main(Main.java:10)
Caused by: java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: io.airbrake.Book
at java.net.URLClassLoader.findClass(URLClassLoader.java:381)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:424)
at sun.misc.Launcher$AppClassLoader.loadClass(Launcher.java:335)
at java.lang.ClassLoader.loadClass(ClassLoader.java:357)
... 1 more
Lo and behold, we've caused a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError to be thrown, which we were also able to successfully catch and output using the Logging.log() method. Essentially, what's happening here is that our source code is configured correctly, and therefore we were able to compile everything just fine, since the JVM was able to locate the necessary io.airbrake.Book.java class file that was referenced. However, because we neglected to reference the compiled version of that Book.java class (in this case, in the form of Book.class, but often in .jar form or otherwise), the JVM couldn't locate Book during runtime, so a java.lang.NoClassDefFoundError is thrown.
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