Today we continue our detailed Java Exception Handling series with a closer look at the java.lang.ClassNotFoundException. Unlike many Java errors that can occur in a variety of scenarios, the ClassNotFoundException can only be thrown as a result of three different method calls, all of which handling loading classes by name.
In this article we'll dig into the ClassNotFoundException in more detail, looking at where it sits in the Java Exception Hierarchy, along with some functional code samples illustrating how ClassNotFoundExceptions are thrown, so let's get this party started!
java.lang.Throwable interface, or are extended from another inherited class therein.java.lang.Exception inherits from java.lang.Throwable.java.lang.ReflectiveOperationException inherits from java.lang.Exception.java.lang.ClassNotFoundException inherits from java.lang.ReflectiveOperationException.As mentioned, the ClassNotFoundException can only occur as a result of three different methods failing to load the specified class. The three methods in question are as follows (we've obviously excluded their respective overloads):
Class.forName(String className)ClassLoader.findSystemClass(String name)ClassLoader.loadClass(String name)Therefore, the only time a ClassNotFoundException should be raised is when calling one of the above methods with an invalid class name argument. We'll start with our full code sample below, after which we'll break it down in a bit more detail and look at how each method is used and might potentially throw a ClassNotFoundException:
// Main.java
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.*;
public class Main {
private static String className;public static void main(String[] args) {
// Set className to Integer class.
className = "java.lang.Integer";
Logging.lineSeparator(className);// Output result of each getClassX method.
Logging.log(String.format("getClassByName(String) result: %s", getClassByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getClassFromLoaderByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(className)));// Set className to InvalidClassName (an unknown class).
className = "io.airbrake.InvalidClassName";
Logging.lineSeparator(className);
// Output result of each getClassX method.
Logging.log(String.format("getClassByName(String) result: %s", getClassByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getClassFromLoaderByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(className)));
}/**
* Get Class by name via Class.forName(String).
* @param name Class name.
* @return Class|null
*/
private static Class<?> getClassByName(String name) {
try {
// Retrieve class by name.
return Class.forName(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException exception) {
// Output exception ClassNotFoundExceptions.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
return null;
}/**
* Get Class by name via MyClassLoader.loadClass(String).
* @param name Class name.
* @return Class|null
*/
private static Class<?> getClassFromLoaderByName(String name) {
try {
// Create new loader instance.
MyClassLoader loader = new MyClassLoader();
// Retrieve class by name.
return loader.loadClass(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException exception) {
// Output exception ClassNotFoundExceptions.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
return null;
}/**
* Get Class by name via MyClassLoader.findSystemClassByName(String).
* @param name Class name.
* @return Class|null
*/
private static Class<?> getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String name) {
try {
// Create new loader instance.
MyClassLoader loader = new MyClassLoader();
// Retrieve system class by name.
return loader.findSystemClassByName(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException exception) {
// Output exception ClassNotFoundExceptions.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
return null;
}
}// MyClassLoader.java
package io.airbrake;public class MyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
public MyClassLoader() { }
public Class<?> findSystemClassByName(String name)
throws ClassNotFoundException
{
return findSystemClass(name);
}
}// Logging.java
package io.airbrake.utility;import java.util.Arrays;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.*;/**
* Houses all logging methods for various debug outputs.
*/
public class Logging {
private static final char separatorCharacterDefault = '-';
private static final String separatorInsertDefault = "";
private static final int separatorLengthDefault = 40;/**
* Get a String of passed char of passed length size.
* @param character Character to repeat.
* @param length Length of string.
* @return Created string.
*/
private static String getRepeatedCharString(char character, int length) {
// Create new character array of proper length.
char[] characters = new char[length];
// Fill each array element with character.
Arrays.fill(characters, character);
// Return generated string.
return new String(characters);
}/**
* Outputs any kind of Object.
* Uses ReflectionToStringBuilder from Apache commons-lang library.
*
* @param value Object to be output.
*/
public static void log(Object value)
{
if (value instanceof String)
{
System.out.println(value);
}
else
{
System.out.println(new ReflectionToStringBuilder(value, ToStringStyle.MULTI_LINE_STYLE).toString());
}
}/**
* Outputs passed in Throwable exception or error instance.
* Can be overloaded if expected parameter should be specified.
*
* @param throwable Throwable instance to output.
*/
public static void log(Throwable throwable)
{
// Invoke call with default expected value.
log(throwable, true);
}/**
* Outputs passed in Throwable exception or error instance.
* Includes Throwable class type, message, stack trace, and expectation status.
*
* @param throwable Throwable instance to output.
* @param expected Determines if this Throwable was expected or not.
*/
public static void log(Throwable throwable, boolean expected)
{
System.out.println(String.format("[%s] %s", expected ? "EXPECTED" : "UNEXPECTED", throwable.toString()));
throwable.printStackTrace();
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator() {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, separatorLengthDefault, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert) {
lineSeparator(insert, separatorLengthDefault, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(int length) {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, length, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(int length, char separator) {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, length, separator);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(char separator) {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, separatorLengthDefault, separator);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert, int length) {
lineSeparator(insert, length, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert, char separator) {
lineSeparator(insert, separatorLengthDefault, separator);
}/**
* Outputs a dashed line separator with
* inserted text centered in the middle.
*
* @param insert Inserted text to be centered.
* @param length Length of line to be output.
* @param separator Separator character.
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert, int length, char separator)
{
// Default output to insert.
String output = insert;if (insert.length() == 0) {
output = getRepeatedCharString(separator, length);
} else if (insert.length() < length) {
// Update length based on insert length, less a space for margin.
length -= (insert.length() + 2);
// Halve the length and floor left side.
int left = (int) Math.floor(length / 2);
int right = left;
// If odd number, add dropped remainder to right side.
if (length % 2 != 0) right += 1;// Surround insert with separators.
output = String.format("%s %s %s", getRepeatedCharString(separator, left), insert, getRepeatedCharString(separator, right));
}
System.out.println(output);
}
}
Since we have three built-in java.lang methods to test, we've written three of our own testing methods to coincide with each. We start with the getClassByName(String name) method:
/**
* Get Class by name via Class.forName(String).
* @param name Class name.
* @return Class|null
*/
private static Class<?> getClassByName(String name) {
try {
// Retrieve class by name.
return Class.forName(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException exception) {
// Output exception ClassNotFoundExceptions.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
return null;
}
This is an extremely basic method (most of the code is for error handling, in fact). As you can see, the purpose is to act as a wrapper and exception catcher for the Class.forName(String className) method call.
Next, we have the getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String name) method, which is a wrapper to call the ClassLoader.findSystemClass(String name) method:
/**
* Get Class by name via MyClassLoader.findSystemClassByName(String).
* @param name Class name.
* @return Class|null
*/
private static Class<?> getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String name) {
try {
// Create new loader instance.
MyClassLoader loader = new MyClassLoader();
// Retrieve system class by name.
return loader.findSystemClassByName(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException exception) {
// Output exception ClassNotFoundExceptions.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
return null;
}
As it happens the ClassLoader.findSystemClass(String name) method is protected, which means it can only be accessed from within the class itself, its package, or a subclass that extends ClassLoader. Since our calling code is within a different package (io.airbrake compared to java.lang), we cannot make a direct call to ClassLoader.findSystemClass(String name).
The solution here is to create our own class that extends ClassLoader, which will inherit all the methods from the base ClassLoader class, and allowing us to create our own class method that wraps the base ClassLoader.findSystemClass(String name) call. The MyClassLoader class serves this purpose by extending ClassLoader:
// MyClassLoader.java
package io.airbrake;public class MyClassLoader extends ClassLoader {
public MyClassLoader() { }
public Class<?> findSystemClassByName(String name)
throws ClassNotFoundException
{
return findSystemClass(name);
}
}
Just like the ClassLoader.findSystemClass(String name) method, our findSystemClassByName(String name) method throws ClassNotFoundException, which will propagate up through the call stack to our calling code.
Finally, the getClassFromLoaderByName(String name) method is a wrapper for the ClassLoader.loadClass(String name) method. Unlike the previous built-in method, this one is not protected, but it is an instance method, so we need to instantiate a new MyClassLoader instance on which we can call loadClass(String name):
/**
* Get Class by name via MyClassLoader.loadClass(String).
* @param name Class name.
* @return Class|null
*/
private static Class<?> getClassFromLoaderByName(String name) {
try {
// Create new loader instance.
MyClassLoader loader = new MyClassLoader();
// Retrieve class by name.
return loader.loadClass(name);
} catch (ClassNotFoundException exception) {
// Output exception ClassNotFoundExceptions.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Exception exception) {
// Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log(exception, false);
}
return null;
}
To test our code out we are passing a class name to each of our three methods, then outputting the returned class name. If no class was found, the return value is null:
public class Main {
private static String className;public static void main(String[] args) {
// Set className to Integer class.
className = "java.lang.Integer";
Logging.lineSeparator(className);// Output result of each getClassX method.
Logging.log(String.format("getClassByName(String) result: %s", getClassByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getClassFromLoaderByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(className)));// ...
}
// ...
}
We first start by passing a very common and widely used class: java.lang.Integer. This is just to verify that all our methods are working and that classes are retrievable via the underlying, wrapped methods. The output confirms that all three work as expected:
---------- java.lang.Integer -----------
getClassByName(String) result: class java.lang.IntegergetClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: class java.lang.Integer
getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: class java.lang.Integer
Now we change the class name to something that doesn't exist; in this case, io.airbrake.InvalidClassName:
// Set className to InvalidClassName (an unknown class).
className = "io.airbrake.InvalidClassName";
Logging.lineSeparator(className);
// Output result of each getClassX method.
Logging.log(String.format("getClassByName(String) result: %s", getClassByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getClassFromLoaderByName(className)));
Logging.log(String.format("getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: %s", getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(className)));
As you can probably guess, all three of our methods run into trouble and are unable to retrieve a class by that name, resulting in three ClassNotFoundExceptions in the output (along with null return values):
----- io.airbrake.InvalidClassName -----
[EXPECTED] java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: io.airbrake.InvalidClassName
getClassByName(String) result: null[EXPECTED] java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: io.airbrake.InvalidClassName
getClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: null
[EXPECTED] java.lang.ClassNotFoundException: io.airbrake.InvalidClassName
getSystemClassFromLoaderByName(String) result: null
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