Moving along through our detailed Java Exception Handling series, today we'll dive into the ConnectException in Java. As you can probably guess, the ConnectException indicates an error has occurred while attempting to connect a socket to a remote address, such as when trying to access a URL that doesn't exist, or which refuses outside connections.
In this article we'll examine the ConnectException in more detail, looking at where it sits in the Java Exception Hierarchy. We'll also go over a bit of functional sample code that aims to illustrate how ConnectExceptions are typically thrown using built-in libraries, and also how you might throw your own instances when necessary, so let's get to it!
All Java errors implement the java.lang.Throwable interface, or are extended from another inherited class therein. The full exception hierarchy of this error is:
java.lang.Throwable
java.lang.Exception
java.io.IOException
java.net.SocketException
ConnectExceptionBelow is the full code sample we'll be using in this article. It can be copied and pasted if you'd like to play with the code yourself and see how everything works.
package io.airbrake;import io.airbrake.utility.Logging;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.*;public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
// Test connection to a valid host.
String uri = "https://www.airbrake.io";
Logging.lineSeparator(String.format("Connecting to %s", uri), 60);
connect(uri);// Test connection to an invalid host.
uri = "https://www.brakeair.io";
Logging.lineSeparator(String.format("Connecting to %s", uri), 60);
connect(uri);
}/**
* Attempt connection to passed URI string.
*
* @param uri URI string to connect to.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void connect(String uri) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
try {
URL url = new URL(uri);
HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();
processResponse(connection);
} catch (ConnectException exception) {
// Output expected ConnectException.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
// Output unexpected Throwables.
Logging.log(throwable, false);
}
}/**
* Logs connection information.
*
* @param connection Connection to be logged.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void logConnection(final HttpURLConnection connection) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
int code = connection.getResponseCode();
String message = connection.getResponseMessage();
String url = connection.getURL().toURI().toString();Logging.log(String.format("Response from %s - Code: %d, Message: %s", url, code, message));
}/**
* Process an HttpURLConnection response information.
*
* @param connection Connection to be processed.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void processResponse(final HttpURLConnection connection) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
try {
logConnection(connection);
} catch (ConnectException exception) {
// Output expected ConnectException.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
// Output unexpected Throwables.
Logging.log(throwable, false);
}
}/**
* Process an HttpURLConnection response information.
* Outputs better-formatted ConnectException message.
*
* @param connection Connection to be processed.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void processResponseFormatted(final HttpURLConnection connection) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
try {
logConnection(connection);
} catch (ConnectException exception) {
if (exception.getMessage().equals("Connection refused: connect")) {
throw new ConnectException(String.format("Connection to %s was refused with response code %d", connection.getURL().toString(), connection.getResponseCode()));
}
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
// Output unexpected Throwables.
Logging.log(throwable, false);
}
}
}// Logging.java
package io.airbrake.utility;import java.util.Arrays;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.ClassUtils;
import org.apache.commons.lang3.builder.*;/**
* Houses all logging methods for various debug outputs.
*/
public class Logging {
private static final char separatorCharacterDefault = '-';
private static final String separatorInsertDefault = "";
private static final int separatorLengthDefault = 40;/**
* Get a String of passed char of passed length size.
* @param character Character to repeat.
* @param length Length of string.
* @return Created string.
*/
private static String getRepeatedCharString(char character, int length) {
// Create new character array of proper length.
char[] characters = new char[length];
// Fill each array element with character.
Arrays.fill(characters, character);
// Return generated string.
return new String(characters);
}/**
* Outputs any kind of Object.
* Uses ReflectionToStringBuilder from Apache commons-lang library.
*
* @param value Object to be output.
*/
public static void log(Object value)
{
if (value == null) return;
// If primitive or wrapper object, directly output.
if (ClassUtils.isPrimitiveOrWrapper(value.getClass()))
{
System.out.println(value);
}
else
{
// For complex objects, use reflection builder output.
System.out.println(new ReflectionToStringBuilder(value, ToStringStyle.MULTI_LINE_STYLE).toString());
}
}/**
* Outputs any kind of String.
*
* @param value String to be output.
*/
public static void log(String value)
{
if (value == null) return;
System.out.println(value);
}/**
* Outputs passed in Throwable exception or error instance.
* Can be overloaded if expected parameter should be specified.
*
* @param throwable Throwable instance to output.
*/
public static void log(Throwable throwable)
{
// Invoke call with default expected value.
log(throwable, true);
}/**
* Outputs passed in Throwable exception or error instance.
* Includes Throwable class type, message, stack trace, and expectation status.
*
* @param throwable Throwable instance to output.
* @param expected Determines if this Throwable was expected or not.
*/
public static void log(Throwable throwable, boolean expected)
{
System.out.println(String.format("[%s] %s", expected ? "EXPECTED" : "UNEXPECTED", throwable.toString()));
throwable.printStackTrace();
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator() {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, separatorLengthDefault, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert) {
lineSeparator(insert, separatorLengthDefault, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(int length) {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, length, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(int length, char separator) {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, length, separator);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(char separator) {
lineSeparator(separatorInsertDefault, separatorLengthDefault, separator);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert, int length) {
lineSeparator(insert, length, separatorCharacterDefault);
}/**
* See: lineSeparator(String, int, char)
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert, char separator) {
lineSeparator(insert, separatorLengthDefault, separator);
}/**
* Outputs a dashed line separator with
* inserted text centered in the middle.
*
* @param insert Inserted text to be centered.
* @param length Length of line to be output.
* @param separator Separator character.
*/
public static void lineSeparator(String insert, int length, char separator)
{
// Default output to insert.
String output = insert;if (insert.length() == 0) {
output = getRepeatedCharString(separator, length);
} else if (insert.length() < length) {
// Update length based on insert length, less a space for margin.
length -= (insert.length() + 2);
// Halve the length and floor left side.
int left = (int) Math.floor(length / 2);
int right = left;
// If odd number, add dropped remainder to right side.
if (length % 2 != 0) right += 1;// Surround insert with separators.
output = String.format("%s %s %s", getRepeatedCharString(separator, left), insert, getRepeatedCharString(separator, right));
}
System.out.println(output);
}
}
Since the ConnectException is only used when dealing with remote connections, we'll jump right into our code, which attempts to create a basic connection through the HttpURLConnection class (technically we're using the HttpsURLConnection class, since this is a secure connection, but this class inherits from HttpURLConnection, so that's what parameter type our method signatures declare).
We start with the connect(String uri) method, which creates a new URI instance and then tries to establish a connection via the openConnection() method:
/**
* Attempt connection to passed URI string.
*
* @param uri URI string to connect to.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void connect(String uri) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
try {
URL url = new URL(uri);
HttpsURLConnection connection = (HttpsURLConnection) url.openConnection();
processResponse(connection);
} catch (ConnectException exception) {
// Output expected ConnectException.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
// Output unexpected Throwables.
Logging.log(throwable, false);
}
}
As you can see, we perform processing on that connection object in the processResponse(HttpURLConnection connection) method:
/**
* Process an HttpURLConnection response information.
*
* @param connection Connection to be processed.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void processResponse(final HttpURLConnection connection) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
try {
logConnection(connection);
} catch (ConnectException exception) {
// Output expected ConnectException.
Logging.log(exception);
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
// Output unexpected Throwables.
Logging.log(throwable, false);
}
}
Right now this is just an intermediary method, since it merely passes the connection parameter along to the final method in the chain. However, we include this to show where we might perform our logic based on the connection object properties and responses that were provided. Finally, we call the logConnection(HttpURLConnection connection) method, which nicely formats a bit of basic information about the connection and outputs it to the log:
/**
* Logs connection information.
*
* @param connection Connection to be logged.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void logConnection(final HttpURLConnection connection) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
int code = connection.getResponseCode();
String message = connection.getResponseMessage();
String url = connection.getURL().toURI().toString();
Logging.log(String.format("Response from %s - Code: %d, Message: %s", url, code, message));
}
With everything in place let's try connecting to a few different addresses and see what happens:
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
// Test connection to a valid host.
String uri = "https://www.airbrake.io";
Logging.lineSeparator(String.format("Connecting to %s", uri), 60);
connect(uri);
// Test connection to an invalid host.
uri = "https://www.brakeair.io";
Logging.lineSeparator(String.format("Connecting to %s", uri), 60);
connect(uri);
}
We start with https://www.airbrake.io, which should work just fine. Sure enough, the log output of the first call shows a connection was established and an OK / 200 response code was returned:
---------- Connecting to https://www.airbrake.io -----------
Response from https://airbrake.io/ - Code: 200, Message: OK
However, when we try our second call using the URI for brakeair.io -- a (currently) non-existent address -- our connection attempt throws a ConnectException at us:
---------- Connecting to https://www.brakeair.io -----------
[EXPECTED] java.net.ConnectException: Connection refused: connect
Quick and easy. That's the usage of the ConnectException in a nutshell. However, it's briefly worth noting that the actual error message content that we see above isn't all that revealing. Therefore, in some cases, it might be worthwhile to throw a ConnectException yourself with a more detailed error message. For example, here we've modified the processResponse(HttpURLConnection connection) method a bit:
/**
* Process an HttpURLConnection response information.
* Outputs better-formatted ConnectException message.
*
* @param connection Connection to be processed.
*
* @throws IOException
* @throws URISyntaxException
*/
private static void processResponseFormatted(final HttpURLConnection connection) throws IOException, URISyntaxException {
try {
logConnection(connection);
} catch (ConnectException exception) {
if (exception.getMessage().equals("Connection refused: connect")) {
throw new ConnectException(String.format("Connection to %s was refused with response code %d", connection.getURL().toString(), connection.getResponseCode()));
}
} catch (Throwable throwable) {
// Output unexpected Throwables.
Logging.log(throwable, false);
}
}
As you can see, we explicitly check if a ConnectException is caught that has an error message of "Connection refused: connect". If such an exception is caught we throw a new ConnectException with a more detailed message.
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