Today, as we approach the end of our JavaScript Error Handling series, we'll be looking at the Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError a bit closer. Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError is a strict mode only error that occurs when attempting to redeclare an argument (althought it's technically a parameter in this context) within a function definition.
Throughout this article we'll explore the Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError in more detail, looking at where it sits within the JavaScript Exception hierarchy as well as going over a few simple code examples that try to show how Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeErrors might pop up. Let's get to it!
Error object, or an inherited object therein.TypeError object is inherited from the Error object.Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError is a descendant of TypeError object.As with numerous JavaScript errors we've already explored in this article series the Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError is an error that only occurs within strict mode. Strict mode is an optional variant of JavaScript that uses slightly different (and typically more restrictive) semantics when compared to normal JavaScript. One specific change is that strict mode contains a set of error types that are not thrown when strict mode is disabled. Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError is one example of an exception that only occurs while strict mode is enabled.
Typically, strict mode is enabled by adding the 'use strict'; line at the beginning of the code. Strict mode is usually applied to entire scripts, so once it's enabled it is active for the entirety of that execution chain. While we won't go into any more details of strict mode's particular behaviors here, there is far more information that can be found in the MDN documentation and elsewhere.
Now that we know how to use strict mode let's go through a few simple code snippets to see how Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeErrors might crop up in day-to-day coding. Here we have defined a Book class with a constructor() method, a few attributes to give our book some info, and finally a basic getBookData() instance method that returns a nicely formatted string with book data in it:
// Enable strict mode.
'use strict';let printError = function (error, explicit) {
console.log(`[${explicit ? 'EXPLICIT' : 'INEXPLICIT'}] ${error.name}: ${error.message}`);
}// Book as Class
class Book {
// Special constructor method.
constructor(title, author, publicationDate) {
// Set properties
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.publicationDate = publicationDate;
}getBookData(includePublicationDate)
{
return `"${this.title}" by ${this.author}${includePublicationDate ? `, published on ${this.publicationDate}` : `` }`
}
}try {
// Create new Book instance.
let book = new Book('The Name of the Wind', 'Patrick Rothfuss', new Date(2007, 3, 27));
// Output book.
console.log(book);
// Book {title: "The Name of the Wind", author: "Patrick Rothfuss", publicationDate: Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)}// Output default getBookData() return.
console.log(book.getBookData());
// "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss
// Output getBookData(true) return (includes publication date).
console.log(book.getBookData(true));
// "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss, published on Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)
} catch (e) {
if (e instanceof TypeError) {
printError(e, true);
} else {
printError(e, false);
}
}
We've allowed our Book.getBookData() method to accept an optional argument to define the includePublicationDate boolean, which we use to indicate whether the output should include the date of publication or not. Our two output tests above show that this argument is working as intended.
However, let's see what happens if we try redeclaring the includePublicationDate parameter within the getBookData() method definition:
// Enable strict mode.
'use strict';let printError = function (error, explicit) {
console.log(`[${explicit ? 'EXPLICIT' : 'INEXPLICIT'}] ${error.name}: ${error.message}`);
}// Book as Class
class Book {
// Special constructor method.
constructor(title, author, publicationDate) {
// Set properties
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.publicationDate = publicationDate;
}getBookData(includePublicationDate)
{
var includePublicationDate = false;
return `"${this.title}" by ${this.author}${includePublicationDate ? `, published on ${this.publicationDate}` : `` }`
}
}try {
'use strict';
// Create new Book instance.
let book = new Book('The Name of the Wind', 'Patrick Rothfuss', new Date(2007, 3, 27));
// Output book.
console.log(book);
// Book {title: "The Name of the Wind", author: "Patrick Rothfuss", publicationDate: Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)}// Output default getBookData() return.
console.log(book.getBookData());
// "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss
// Output getBookData(true) return (includes publication date).
console.log(book.getBookData(true));
// "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss, published on Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)
} catch (e) {
if (e instanceof TypeError) {
printError(e, true);
} else {
printError(e, false);
}
}
Most of our code is the same here except we've added one line inside our getBookData() method: var includePublicationDate = 'false'; As a result, in older versions of JavaScript (prior to ES6 essentially) calling this code produces a Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError:
// FIREFOX
TypeError: variable includePublicationDate redeclares argument
This is because the declaration already exists since includePublicationDate was defined in the parameter list of the method. The obvious solution is to forgo redeclaration in most cases and just set the variable to a new value, if necessary:
getBookData(includePublicationDate)
{
includePublicationDate = false;
return `"${this.title}" by ${this.author}${includePublicationDate ? `, published on ${this.publicationDate}` : `` }`
}
That said, this issue error is largely eliminated in modern JavaScript engines and with ES6. Instead of throwing a Variable X Redeclares Argument TypeError while in strict mode most JavaScript parsers now recognize that the intent of redeclaring a parameter is to just set it to the new value (if applicable), so modern browsers will effectively ignore the var keyword in that statement, as if it read merely includePublicationDate = false; instead.
In this case, running our above code where we attempt redeclare our parameter with the statement var includePublicationDate = false; results in the following output for both Chrome and Firefox browsers:
Book {title: "The Name of the Wind", author: "Patrick Rothfuss", publicationDate: Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)}
"The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss
"The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss
Notice that, even though we pass a true value to the first argument of getBookData() our "redeclaration" takes over, recognizes the intent is just to set the parameter value to false no matter what argument was passed, and so our output shows that result.
Another related consideration with ES6 is the introduction and use of the let keyword, which should typically be used in scenarios like this anyway. For example, let's take the same redeclaration snippet above but only change the var keyword to let:
// Enable strict mode.
'use strict';let printError = function (error, explicit) {
console.log(`[${explicit ? 'EXPLICIT' : 'INEXPLICIT'}] ${error.name}: ${error.message}`);
}// Book as Class
class Book {
// Special constructor method.
constructor(title, author, publicationDate) {
// Set properties
this.title = title;
this.author = author;
this.publicationDate = publicationDate;
}getBookData(includePublicationDate)
{
let includePublicationDate = false;
return `"${this.title}" by ${this.author}${includePublicationDate ? `, published on ${this.publicationDate}` : `` }`
}
}try {
'use strict';
// Create new Book instance.
let book = new Book('The Name of the Wind', 'Patrick Rothfuss', new Date(2007, 3, 27));
// Output book.
console.log(book);
// Book {title: "The Name of the Wind", author: "Patrick Rothfuss", publicationDate: Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)}// Output default getBookData() return.
console.log(book.getBookData());
// "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss
// Output getBookData(true) return (includes publication date).
console.log(book.getBookData(true));
// "The Name of the Wind" by Patrick Rothfuss, published on Fri Apr 27 2007 00:00:00 GMT-0700 (Pacific Daylight Time)
} catch (e) {
if (e instanceof TypeError) {
printError(e, true);
} else {
printError(e, false);
}
}
This is the best practice technique for handling localized variables such as the includePublicationDate parameter with ES6. Running the above code produces two interesting results.
First and foremost is we get an error message upon execution but it's actually a SyntaxError, informing us that the includePublicationDate identifier has already been declared:
// CHROME
Uncaught SyntaxError: Identifier 'includePublicationDate' has already been declared
// FIREFOX
SyntaxError: redeclaration of formal parameter includePublicationDate
Moreover, most modern code editors will actually parse and detect this issue well before the code is actually executed. For example, Visual Studio Code (the editor this article is being written in) shows a warning at the two lines in question and indicates there's an issue via the following message: "Duplicate identifier 'includePublicationDate'."
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