Today, as we make our way through our detailed Python Exception Handling series, we'll be looking into the KeyError, which is the close sibling of the IndexError we looked at last week. Whereas the IndexError is raised when trying to access an invalid index within a list, the KeyError is raised when accessing an invalid key within a dict.
Throughout this article we'll explore the KeyError in great depth by first looking at where it sits in the overall Python Exception Class Hierarchy. We'll also show some fully functional Python code samples that illustrate the basic usage of dictionaries in Python, and how improper key access can lead to KeyErrors. Let's go!
All Python exceptions inherit from the BaseException class, or extend from an inherited class therein. The full exception hierarchy of this error is:
BaseException
Exception
LookupError
KeyErrorBelow is the full code sample we'll be using in this article. It can be copied and pasted if you'd like to play with the code yourself and see how everything works.
# main.py
import datetimefrom gw_utility.book import Book
from gw_utility.logging import Loggingdef main():
try:
# Create a dictionary and populate with Books.
series = {
1: Book("The Name of the Wind", "Patrick Rothfuss", 662, datetime.date(2007, 3, 27)),
2: Book("The Wise Man's Fear", "Patrick Rothfuss", 994, datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
3: Book("Doors of Stone", "Patrick Rothfuss")
}# Output Books in series dictionary, with and without index.
Logging.line_separator('Series')
log_dict(series)
Logging.line_separator('Series w/ Order Index')
log_dict(series, True)# Output book in series that doesn't exist.
Logging.line_separator('series[len(series) + 1]')
Logging.log(f'series[{len(series) + 1}]: {series[len(series) + 1]}')
except KeyError as error:
# Output expected KeyErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)def log_dict(collection, include_key=False):
"""Logs the each element in collection to the console.:param collection: Collection to be iterated and output.
:param include_key: Determines if key should be output.
:return: None
"""
try:
# Iterate by getting collection of items.
for key, item in collection.items():
if include_key:
Logging.log(f'collection[{key}]: {item}')
else:
Logging.log(item)
except KeyError as error:
# Output expected KeyErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# book.py
import datetimeclass Book:
author: str
page_count: int
publication_date: datetime.date
title: strdef __eq__(self, other):
"""Determines if passed object is equivalent to current object."""
return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__def __init__(self,
title: str = None,
author: str = None,
page_count: int = None,
publication_date: datetime.date = None):
"""Initializes Book instance.:param title: Title of Book.
:param author: Author of Book.
:param page_count: Page Count of Book.
:param publication_date: Publication Date of Book.
"""
self.author = author
self.page_count = page_count
self.publication_date = publication_date
self.title = titledef __getattr__(self, name: str):
"""Returns the attribute matching passed name."""
# Get internal dict value matching name.
value = self.__dict__.get(name)
if not value:
# Raise AttributeError if attribute value not found.
raise AttributeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__}.{name} is invalid.')
# Return attribute value.
return valuedef __len__(self):
"""Returns the length of title."""
return len(self.title)def __str__(self):
"""Returns a formatted string representation of Book."""
date = '' if self.publication_date is None else f', published on {self.publication_date.__format__("%B %d, %Y")}'
pages = '' if self.page_count is None else f' at {self.page_count} pages'
return f'\'{self.title}\' by {self.author}{pages}{date}.'
# logging.py
import math
import sys
import tracebackclass Logging:
separator_character_default = '-'
separator_length_default = 40@classmethod
def __output(cls, *args, sep: str = ' ', end: str = '\n', file=None):
"""Prints the passed value(s) to the console.:param args: Values to output.
:param sep: String inserted between values, default a space.
:param end: String appended after the last value, default a newline.
:param file: A file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
:return: None
"""
print(*args, sep=sep, end=end, file=file)@classmethod
def line_separator(cls, value: str = None, length: int = separator_length_default,
char: str = separator_character_default):
"""Print a line separator with inserted text centered in the middle.:param value: Inserted text to be centered.
:param length: Total separator length.
:param char: Separator character.
"""
output = value# If no value passed, output separator of length.
if value == None or len(value) == 0:
output = f'{char * length}'
elif len(value) < length:
# Update length based on insert length, less a space for margin.
length -= len(value) + 2
# Halve the length and floor left side.
left = math.floor(length / 2)
right = left
# If odd number, add dropped remainder to right side.
if length % 2 != 0:
right += 1# Surround insert with separators.
output = f'{char * left} {value} {char * right}'cls.__output(output)
@classmethod
def log(cls, *args, sep: str = ' ', end: str = '\n', file=None):
"""Prints the passed value(s) to the console.:param args: Values to output.
:param sep: String inserted between values, default a space.
:param end: String appended after the last value, default a newline.
:param file: A file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
"""
cls.__output(*args, sep=sep, end=end, file=file)@classmethod
def log_exception(cls, exception: BaseException, expected: bool = True):
"""Prints the passed BaseException to the console, including traceback.:param exception: The BaseException to output.
:param expected: Determines if BaseException was expected.
"""
output = "[{}] {}: {}".format('EXPECTED' if expected else 'UNEXPECTED', type(exception).__name__, exception)
cls.__output(output)
exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
traceback.print_tb(exc_traceback)
Since the IndexError deals with lists and the KeyError deals with dicts, we should briefly explore the difference between these two common data structures in Python. Python's lists are similar to arrays in most other programming languages. It is an ordered collection of objects that are each assigned in incremental numeric index to identify each element. Lists are commonly used as stacks, which allows for the "first-in, last-out" behavior that is so crucial in many applications.
Dicts, on the other hand, are known as associative arrays in most other languages. A dict is also a collection of objects, but it is unordered, and instead of using numeric indices, a dict uses immutable data types as keys. When you see reference to key: value pairs in Python, this is an indication the collection holding those pairs is a dict.
To illustrate how to use dicts we'll create a series dict object and add a trio of Books to it. Our key values are merely the relative order each book is found in the series, but we could have used anything for these keys:
def main():
try:
# Create a dictionary and populate with Books.
series = {
1: Book("The Name of the Wind", "Patrick Rothfuss", 662, datetime.date(2007, 3, 27)),
2: Book("The Wise Man's Fear", "Patrick Rothfuss", 994, datetime.date(2011, 3, 1)),
3: Book("Doors of Stone", "Patrick Rothfuss")
}# Output Books in series dictionary, with and without index.
Logging.line_separator('Series')
log_dict(series)
Logging.line_separator('Series w/ Order Index')
log_dict(series, True)
# Output book in series that doesn't exist.
Logging.line_separator('series[len(series) + 1]')
Logging.log(f'series[{len(series) + 1}]: {series[len(series) + 1]}')
except KeyError as error:
# Output expected KeyErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)
Once our series dictionary has some elements we'll output them to the console to confirm what's in there using the log_dict(collection, include_key=False) method:
def log_dict(collection, include_key=False):
"""Logs the each element in collection to the console.
:param collection: Collection to be iterated and output.
:param include_key: Determines if key should be output.
:return: None
"""
try:
# Iterate by getting collection of items.
for key, item in collection.items():
if include_key:
Logging.log(f'collection[{key}]: {item}')
else:
Logging.log(item)
except KeyError as error:
# Output expected KeyErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)
Executing our main(...) method produces the following output:
---------------- Series ----------------
'The Name of the Wind' by Patrick Rothfuss at 662 pages, published on March 27, 2007.
'The Wise Man's Fear' by Patrick Rothfuss at 994 pages, published on March 01, 2011.
'Doors of Stone' by Patrick Rothfuss.
-------- Series w/ Order Index ---------
collection[1]: 'The Name of the Wind' by Patrick Rothfuss at 662 pages, published on March 27, 2007.
collection[2]: 'The Wise Man's Fear' by Patrick Rothfuss at 994 pages, published on March 01, 2011.
collection[3]: 'Doors of Stone' by Patrick Rothfuss.
Everything looks as expected -- our Books were added and are being output via the modified Book.__str__(self) method:
class Book:# ...
def __str__(self):
"""Returns a formatted string representation of Book."""
date = '' if self.publication_date is None else f', published on {self.publication_date.__format__("%B %d, %Y")}'
pages = '' if self.page_count is None else f' at {self.page_count} pages'
return f'\'{self.title}\' by {self.author}{pages}{date}.'
However, let's see what happens if we try to access an invalid key in our dict:
# Output book in series that doesn't exist.
Logging.line_separator('series[len(series) + 1]')
Logging.log(f'series[{len(series) + 1}]: {series[len(series) + 1]}')
Here we're trying to access the len(series) + 1 key of the dictionary, which is a shorthand way of accessing the key of value 4. Since the series only contains three Books in total, executing this code raises a KeyError:
-------- series[len(books) + 1] --------
[EXPECTED] KeyError: 4
File "D:/work/Airbrake.io/Exceptions/Python/BaseException/Exception/LookupError/KeyError/main.py", line 25, in main
Logging.log(f'series[{len(series) + 1}]: {series[len(series) + 1]}')
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