Making our way through our in-depth Python Exception Handling series, today we'll be getting into the UnboundLocalError. An UnboundLocalError is raised when a local variable is referenced before it has been assigned. This error is a subclass of the Python NameError we explored in another recent article.
Throughout the remainder of this post we'll examine the UnboundLocalError in more detail, starting with where it sits in the larger Python Exception Class Hierarchy. We'll also look at some functional sample code showing the slight difference between NameErrors and UnboundLocalErrors, and how you can avoid UnboundLocalErrors with special statements found in Python like global. Let the games begin!
All Python exceptions inherit from the BaseException class, or extend from an inherited class therein. The full exception hierarchy of this error is:
Below is the full code sample we'll be using in this article. It can be copied and pasted if you'd like to play with the code yourself and see how everything works.
import datetime
import disfrom gw_utility.book import Book
from gw_utility.logging import Loggingdef main():
try:
# Increment local count.
increment_local_count()# Set local book title.
set_local_book_title("The Silmarillion")# Set global book title.
set_global_book_title("The Silmarillion")# Disassemble functions.
Logging.line_separator("DISASSEMBLY OF increment_count.", 60)
disassemble_object(increment_local_count)Logging.line_separator("DISASSEMBLY OF set_local_book_title.", 60)
disassemble_object(set_local_book_title)Logging.line_separator("DISASSEMBLY OF set_global_book_title.", 60)
disassemble_object(set_global_book_title)
except NameError as error:
# Output expected NameErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)def increment_local_count():
"""Increment count by one and output new value.:return: None
"""
try:
Logging.line_separator("Incrementing LOCAL count.", 60)
count += 1
Logging.log("Count incremented to: {}".format(count))
except UnboundLocalError as error:
# Output expected UnboundLocalErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)def set_local_book_title(title):
"""Set title property of local book to passed value and output.:param title: Title to be set.
:return: None
"""
try:
Logging.line_separator("Setting LOCAL book title to '{}'.".format(title), 60)
book.title = title
Logging.log(book)
except UnboundLocalError as error:
# Output expected UnboundLocalErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)global_book = Book("The Hobbit", "J.R.R. Tolkien", 365, datetime.date(1977, 9, 15))
def set_global_book_title(title):
"""Set title property of global_book to passed value and output.:param title: Title to be set.
:return: None
"""
try:
Logging.line_separator("Setting GLOBAL book title to '{}'.".format(title), 60)
global global_book
global_book.title = title
Logging.log(global_book)
except UnboundLocalError as error:
# Output expected UnboundLocalErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)def disassemble_object(value):
"""Outputs disassembly of passed object.:param value: Object to be disassembled.
:return: None
"""
dis.dis(value)if __name__ == "__main__":
main()
# book.py
import datetimeclass Book:
author: str
page_count: int
publication_date: datetime.date
title: strdef __eq__(self, other):
"""Determines if passed object is equivalent to current object."""
return self.__dict__ == other.__dict__def __init__(self,
title: str = None,
author: str = None,
page_count: int = None,
publication_date: datetime.date = None):
"""Initializes Book instance.:param title: Title of Book.
:param author: Author of Book.
:param page_count: Page Count of Book.
:param publication_date: Publication Date of Book.
"""
self.author = author
self.page_count = page_count
self.publication_date = publication_date
self.title = titledef __getattr__(self, name: str):
"""Returns the attribute matching passed name."""
# Get internal dict value matching name.
value = self.__dict__.get(name)
if not value:
# Raise AttributeError if attribute value not found.
raise AttributeError(f'{self.__class__.__name__}.{name} is invalid.')
# Return attribute value.
return valuedef __len__(self):
"""Returns the length of title."""
return len(self.title)
def __str__(self):
"""Returns a formatted string representation of Book."""
date = '' if self.publication_date is None else f', published on {self.publication_date.__format__("%B %d, %Y")}'
pages = '' if self.page_count is None else f' at {self.page_count} pages'
return f'\'{self.title}\' by {self.author}{pages}{date}.'
# logging.py
import math
import sys
import tracebackclass Logging:
separator_character_default = '-'
separator_length_default = 40@classmethod
def __output(cls, *args, sep: str = ' ', end: str = '\n', file=None):
"""Prints the passed value(s) to the console.:param args: Values to output.
:param sep: String inserted between values, default a space.
:param end: String appended after the last value, default a newline.
:param file: A file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
:return: None
"""
print(*args, sep=sep, end=end, file=file)@classmethod
def line_separator(cls, value: str = None, length: int = separator_length_default,
char: str = separator_character_default):
"""Print a line separator with inserted text centered in the middle.:param value: Inserted text to be centered.
:param length: Total separator length.
:param char: Separator character.
"""
output = value# If no value passed, output separator of length.
if value == None or len(value) == 0:
output = f'{char * length}'
elif len(value) < length:
# Update length based on insert length, less a space for margin.
length -= len(value) + 2
# Halve the length and floor left side.
left = math.floor(length / 2)
right = left
# If odd number, add dropped remainder to right side.
if length % 2 != 0:
right += 1# Surround insert with separators.
output = f'{char * left} {value} {char * right}'cls.__output(output)
@classmethod
def log(cls, *args, sep: str = ' ', end: str = '\n', file=None):
"""Prints the passed value(s) to the console.:param args: Values to output.
:param sep: String inserted between values, default a space.
:param end: String appended after the last value, default a newline.
:param file: A file-like object (stream); defaults to the current sys.stdout.
"""
cls.__output(*args, sep=sep, end=end, file=file)@classmethod
def log_exception(cls, exception: BaseException, expected: bool = True):
"""Prints the passed BaseException to the console, including traceback.:param exception: The BaseException to output.
:param expected: Determines if BaseException was expected.
"""
output = "[{}] {}: {}".format('EXPECTED' if expected else 'UNEXPECTED', type(exception).__name__, exception)
cls.__output(output)
exc_type, exc_value, exc_traceback = sys.exc_info()
traceback.print_tb(exc_traceback)
As the name suggests, UnboundLocalErrors are only raised when improperly referencing an unassigned local variable. In most cases this will occur when trying to modify a local variable before it is actually assigned within the local scope. To illustrate we'll get right into our sample code and the increment_local_count() function:
def increment_local_count():
"""Increment count by one and output new value.
:return: None
"""
try:
Logging.line_separator("Incrementing LOCAL count.", 60)
count += 1
Logging.log("Count incremented to: {}".format(count))
except UnboundLocalError as error:
# Output expected UnboundLocalErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)
As you can see the increment_local_count() function does just what the name implies: trying to increment the local count variable by one and then outputting the result. However, there's a distinct lack of assignment for the count variable in the local scope of our function block, so executing this code raises an UnboundLocalError:
---------------- Incrementing LOCAL count. -----------------
[EXPECTED] UnboundLocalError: local variable 'count' referenced before assignment
That sort of makes sense. Since no count variable could be located by the parser no resolution can occur for the increment statement. However, this may look very similar to the NameError we looked at previously, which is raised when "global or local names are not found." So, what makes UnboundLocalError different from NameError? We can illustrate this difference in our second test function, set_locaL_book_title(title):
def set_local_book_title(title):
"""Set title property of local book to passed value and output.
:param title: Title to be set.
:return: None
"""
try:
Logging.line_separator("Setting LOCAL book title to '{}'.".format(title), 60)
book.title = title
Logging.log(book)
except UnboundLocalError as error:
# Output expected UnboundLocalErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)
Just as with the increment test we're trying to use a local variable (book) that has not been assigned within the local function scope. However, executing this function raises a NameError, rather than an UnboundLocalError:
----- Setting LOCAL book title to 'The Silmarillion'. ------
[UNEXPECTED] NameError: name 'book' is not defined
As we can see by the produced error message the difference here is that, since we're referencing the title property of book, the compiler assumes that book is actually a global name, so the CPython interpreter evaluates the instruction before it even reaches the secondary instruction that references the title property we're ultimately attempting to reference. We can use the dis module to disassemble our functions and see the full bytecode that the CPython interpreter actually processes during execution. We won't go into full detail of these instructions and how the interpreter parses them, but check out our NameError article from last week for more details.
Here is the bytecode instruction set for the book.title = title source code line in set_local_book_title(title):
61 20 LOAD_GLOBAL 3 (book)
22 DUP_TOP
24 LOAD_ATTR 4 (title)
26 LOAD_FAST 0 (title)
28 INPLACE_ADD
30 ROT_TWO
32 STORE_ATTR 4 (title)
As we can see, the first instruction is LOAD_GLOBAL using the book argument, indicating that the interpreter thinks book is a global. This is why a NameError is produced, even though book is actually an undefined local in this case.
One way to resolve this is by using the special global statement to reference a global variable that is assigned outside the local function scope. Here we see global_book is assigned to a value outside of the set_global_book_title(title) function scope:
global_book = Book("The Hobbit", "J.R.R. Tolkien", 365, datetime.date(1977, 9, 15))# Set global book title.
set_global_book_title("The Silmarillion")def set_global_book_title(title):
"""Set title property of global_book to passed value and output.
:param title: Title to be set.
:return: None
"""
try:
Logging.line_separator("Setting GLOBAL book title to '{}'.".format(title), 60)
global global_book
global_book.title = title
Logging.log(global_book)
except UnboundLocalError as error:
# Output expected UnboundLocalErrors.
Logging.log_exception(error)
except Exception as exception:
# Output unexpected Exceptions.
Logging.log_exception(exception, False)
However, if we run this test function we're able to successfully update the global_book.title property:
----- Setting GLOBAL book title to 'The Silmarillion'. -----
'The Silmarillion' by J.R.R. Tolkien at 365 pages, published on September 15, 1977.
Just as within set_local_book_title(title), the bytecode of set_global_book_title(title) shows the global_book.title = title source code statement contains the LOAD_GLOBAL instruction for the global_book object, but our use of the global statement informs the interpreter to actually seek out the globally-scoped name for reference:
83 20 LOAD_FAST 0 (title)
22 LOAD_GLOBAL 3 (global_book)
24 STORE_ATTR 4 (title)
Airbrake's robust error monitoring software provides real-time error monitoring and automatic exception reporting for all your development projects. Airbrake's state of the art web dashboard ensures you receive round-the-clock status updates on your application's health and error rates. No matter what you're working on, Airbrake easily integrates with all the most popular languages and frameworks. Plus, Airbrake makes it easy to customize exception parameters, while giving you complete control of the active error filter system, so you only gather the errors that matter most.
Check out Airbrake's error monitoring software today with a free 14-day trial, and see for yourself why so many of the world's best engineering teams use Airbrake to revolutionize their exception handling practices!