Scrum is easily one of the most well-known and commonly implemented software development frameworks in the world. At its core, scrum is actually an Agile framework. However, scrum is also technically a subset of Agile, since scrum adheres to a rather strict set of processes and practices.
In this article we'll dive deeper into the origins of scrum, what the framework is in the realm of software development, how it is typically implemented, and a few potential advantages and disadvantages you may experience while using scrum on your next project, so let's get started!
The word "scrum" is most commonly used in the sport of rugby football. In rugby, a scrum is a method of restarting play after a minor rule infringement has occurred, specifically in a situation where no advantage would be gained for the team that obeyed the rules. A scrum is formed with eight players from each team linking together into three tight rows on each side, before facing one another with heads down and attempting to push the opposing team out of position. The ball is thrown into the tunnel (the gap under the players), and the as the scrum begins, both teams attempt to move the ball using their legs and by repositioning themselves, such that the ball emerges behind their team's formation and can be taken into possession. I'm no expert and this is a very rudimentary explanation compared to the full rules of a scrum, which are far more in-depth and interesting, but this origin of scrum from rugby transitions well into the use of the word within software development.
In the January 1986 issue of Harvard Business Review, two professors at Hitotsubashi University in Tokyo Japan, Hirotaka Takeuchi and Ikujiro Nonaka, published an article titled The New New Product Development Game, which emphasizes the importance of speed and flexibility when developing new products. In the article, Takeuchi and Nonaka detail the lessons learned from manufacturing practices, which they refer to as the "rugby approach," in which the team "tries to go the distance as a unit, passing the ball back and forth." The article even goes on to explicitly make use of the term scrum to define these practices of pushing the team forward, which is considered the introduction of the term to modern software and project development.
A few years later, a software developer named Ken Schwaber began implementing the scrum framework into software development practices within his company. Over the next few decades, the scrum framework began to take shape, with the publication of books and guides outlining its use, including the definitive book by Schwaber and colleague Jeff Sutherland, The Scrum Guide. As it happens, the Guide provides us with a definition of what scrum is: "A framework within which people can address complex adaptive problems, while productively and creatively delivering products of the highest possible value."
The theory of scrum is focused on being an empirical process: a framework that attempts to gain experienced-based knowledge, then make decisions based on that learned knowledge. To meet that goal, scrum is founded on three core pillars:
Scrum Artifacts must be frequently inspected, to measure progress toward Sprint Goals (both of which we'll discuss shortly).The Scrum Guide also lays out the five key scrum values:
Sprint.Sprint Backlog; there should be no work done other than through their Backlog.A scrum artifact is simply a representation of value or work to be completed, which is well-defined and should be transparently visible to all team members. There are three main types of scrum artifacts:
Product Backlog: This is the scrum equivalent of a work in progress list. The Product Backlog is simply an ordered list of all items that are (or may be) necessary throughout the entirety of the software development life cycle. The Backlog acts as the definitive requirements documentation for the project. The Product Backlog is maintained by the Product Owner.Sprint Backlog: A Sprint Backlog is a subset of items from the Product Backlog that have been explicitly selected to be part of a Sprint.Increment: The Increment is the summation of all Product Backlog items that were successfully completed during a particular Sprint, added to the value of all previous Increments.There are three primary roles within the whole of the scrum team:
Product Owner: This individual can best be thought of as the project lead or producer, and his or her aim is to maximize the value of the product by ensuring the Development Team produces the best possible work. The Product Owner largely focuses on maintaining the Product BacklogDevelopment Team: The group of developers that actually produce the work defined in the Product Backlog into a functional and releasable iteration. The Development Team should be self-organizing and fully independent from the Scrum Master.Scrum Master: Acts as both the referee and coach for the whole team when it comes to the proper use and implementation of scrum practices and processes.Day-to-day activities within the scrum framework are all based around particular scrum events. All events are "time-boxed", meaning they each have a maximum duration. This helps to ensure that the development life cycle remains constantly adaptive and properly Agile.
The scrum framework defines five types of events:
Sprint Planning: During this event, the entire team collaborates to define what the Sprint Goal will be for the upcoming Sprint. This is accomplished by answering two simple questions: 1) What work should be accomplished within the next month? 2) How can that work be completed? The Sprint Planning session should be kept to a maximum of eight hours per month.Sprint: The bread and butter of scrum practices, a Sprint is a one-month period in which a potentially releasable iteration is created (commonly referred to as a "Done"). In spite of the name, a Sprint is not anything like "crunch time." Instead, a Sprint is always active: when one Sprint ends, the next immediately begins.Daily Scrum: Every day, the Development Team meets for a maximum of 15 minutes to discuss the planned work for the next day.Sprint Review: Following the completion of a Sprint, the Sprint Review is an event with a maximum duration of four hours, in which the entire team discusses the Increment results and makes any necessary changes to the Product Backlog.Sprint Retrospective: At a maximum of three hours, the Sprint Retrospective occurs after the Sprint Review, but prior to the next Sprint, and is a meeting for the entire team to decide on potential improvements that can be made general to practices or procedures for the next Sprint.Sprint Goal, scrum allows for rapid coding and development of ideas or components that may be experimental or may even fail, without severe worry or potential downsides.scrum is an Agile framework and is highly iterative, customers are able to quickly assess progress and provide feedback throughout the entirety of the development life cycle.Daily Scrums are a guaranteed way to get insight from all team members about their progress, so suggestions and guidance can be provided where necessary to keep development on track.flow state, are unlikely to appreciate the need for numerous meetings, particularly the Daily Scrums.Agile frameworks, it's quite easy to simply jump into a project and begin development without much in the way of planning. While this is often a benefit, it also means that scrum can often obfuscate the actual time and monetary costs of a project (or even aspects of said project), often until a few months down the line.scrum practices emphasize the importance of separating the management of Development Teams from roles like Scrum Master and Product Owner, successful implementation of scrum requires that managers and leadership are able to trust the Development Team and give them the freedom they need to work independently.